Essential hypertension is also known as which of the following?

• A. Secondary hypertension
• B. Malignant hypertension
• C. Isolated systolic hypertension
• D. Primary or idiopathic hypertension

Answer: (D)

Essential hypertension means high blood pressure with no identifiable secondary cause. It is best described as primary or idiopathic hypertension because the condition arises from multiple interacting factors rather than a single disease you can point to. Genetics, lifestyle, obesity, salt sensitivity, and aging all contribute, and no specific underlying disorder is found in most patients. By contrast, secondary hypertension results from another condition (such as kidney disease or endocrine problems) and often improves when that condition is treated. Malignant hypertension is a dangerous, rapidly progressive form with end-organ damage, not a label for causation. Isolated systolic hypertension is a pattern where only the systolic pressure is elevated, common in older adults, but it’s not the general label for hypertension without a cause. Therefore, essential hypertension is best described as primary or idiopathic hypertension.